Fahrenheit 451

The publication of American novelist Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 in 1953 helped to transition the dystopian/science fiction genre from the niche arena of pulp magazines and comic books to mainstream fiction. The futuristic novel takes place in a culture that has banned books. Time and place (probably Midwestern America) are unidentified, but the country is on the brink of war with an unnamed foe. “The Hearth and the Salamander,” “The Sieve and the Sand,” and “Burning Bright” are the three sections into which the work is divided. The title references the temperature at which paper ignites and burns, as happens to books that the “firemen” seek out in Fahrenheit 451. Like many of Bradbury’s works, the novel explores The Impact of Censorship on Society, The Triumph of Knowledge over Ignorance, and Technology and the Natural World. Fahrenheit 451 is considered a classic work of American literature.

This study guide has been prepared using the e-book version of the novel published by Simon & Schuster in 2011.

Context Warning: The guide contains references to death by suicide and drug and alcohol use, which are present in the source text.

Plot Summary

Written in the third-person limited omniscient, Fahrenheit 451 follows Guy Montag, a fireman whose job is to burn books in this dystopian world that suppresses creative expression in favor of mindless entertainment. Montag’s journey in this novel is both literal and spiritual, as he tries to unravel the mysterious power of books while evading the clutches of an authoritarian government, whose ill intentions are epitomized by Captain Beatty, Montag’s conniving employer.

At the novel’s opening, Montag is much like anyone else in this society, an unquestioning and fiercely loyal drone who takes simple pleasure from his work. A chance encounter with his 17-year-old neighbor, Clarisse McClellan, the antithesis of everything Montag stands for, forces him to begin questioning his life’s purpose. He begins to realize that his marriage to his wife, Mildred, is meaningless and that they are both shallow and unhappy people—symbolized by Mildred’s implied suicide attempt. In the firehouse, Montag begins to openly question the nature of his work, which draws the attention of Captain Beatty, who takes an interest in Montag’s changing demeanor. The more time Montag spends with Clarisse, the more he realizes how empty the world is around him.

Things come to a head when the firemen are called to an elderly lady’s home, a suspected book owner. The lady chooses to burn with her books rather than face arrest, and for Montag, who has already secretly stashed one of the contraband books under his arm, this is a pivotal moment in his transformation. He realizes that books must contain an enormous amount of power. Back at home, Montag learns from Mildred that Clarisse is dead, which only adds to his despair. He asks Mildred to phone in sick to work for him, but before she can do so, Beatty pays Montag a home visit. Beatty lectures Montag on the true origins of firefighting and tries to justify why censorship is necessary. After he leaves, Montag reveals to Mildred that he has a secret stash of books. He asks her to help him begin to decipher them, but Mildred understands even less about books than Montag.

In Part 2, Montag recalls a chance encounter he had with a retired English professor the previous year. The man’s name was Faber, and Montag still has his contact details. He travels to Faber’s house to seek help and takes one of his stolen books with him—a Bible. The two hatch a plan to bring down the firemen system from the inside, and Montag arranges to bring Faber some money so they can pay a printer to print copies of books they can plant in firemen’s houses. Faber gives Montag a secret listening device that will allow him to learn more about Beatty, their nemesis, back at the firehouse. Faber mentors Montag via the listening device, nourishing both his soul and his mind. Montag returns to work, and Beatty humiliates him in a one-sided verbal joust that attempts to highlight the hypocrisy of books. The firehouse alarm sounds, and the crew travels across the city in their fire truck to the scene of the crime—which turns out to be Montag’s house.

Part 3 opens with Beatty ordering Montag to destroy his own home, along with all the books inside. Mildred flees from the apartment, as she was the one who turned Montag in. Montag burns down his apartment but then turns his flamethrower on Beatty, killing the man instantly. Montag makes his dramatic escape, but a terrifying Mechanical Hound pursues him, and the hunt is transformed into a live TV event. Montag escapes into the countryside and eventually meets up with a man called Granger, who leads a network of intellectuals who have perfected a technique that allows them to memorize whole books so they can go undetected. They plan to store the information until society is once again ready to read books. Montag realizes that he has managed to memorize sections of the Bible, which means he could be of use to the group. Shortly after, war breaks out as jet planes bomb the city below. Montag pictures Mildred’s death, and the men, having survived the blasts, turn back towards the city to search for survivors and begin anew.